SINGLE PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
In asynchronous motors, the frequency of the rotating field created in the air gap and the rotation frequency of the rotor are not the same. These motors are called asynchronous for this reason. The frequency of the rotating field in the air gap depends on the motor’s feed frequency and the number of poles and does not change with the motor’s load, but the rotation frequency of the rotor varies according to the load. As the load increases in the motor operation area, the motor rotation speed decreases, and the motor rotation speed increases as the load decreases. The motor rotation speed is the highest in idle mode. The motor rotation speed of the asynchronous motor in the motor operation area cannot exceed the rotation speed of the rotating field. The rotation speed of the rotating field is calculated as follows:
N = 120 x f/P
As is seen here, the rotating field speed of a 2-pole motor will be 3000rpm and the rotating field speed of a 4-pole motor will be 1500rpm. The change in the rotation speed of the asynchronous motor at different loads can be seen in the torque-speed graph shown below.
In order for the generation of start-up moments in one-phase asynchronous motors, alternating currents of different phases from the main and auxiliary windings must pass. A series capacitor is connected to the auxiliary winding circuit to provide this. In this way, a two-phase motor occurs. In addition to the permanent capacitor, a start-up capacitor that will be activated only during the start-up and deactivated with a mechanism when the start-up is completed can also be used to increase the motor start-up moment. In order to deactivate the start-up capacitor, the centrifugal switch is used in the mono-phase products of the volt motor.
Volt Motor 1-phase asynchronous motor types;
Permanent Circuit Capacitor Motors: These motors have only permanent circuit capacitors. The permanent circuit capacitor is active both during the motor’s start-up and operation.
Start-up and Permanent Circuit Capacitor Motors: These motors also have a start-up capacitor in addition to a permanent circuit capacitor. The start-up capacitor is only activated during start-up and is deactivated by the centrifugal switch after the motor was operated. The permanent circuit capacitor is active both when the motor is started and when it is operating.
Single-phase asynchronous motors;
- can be used directly by operating from the network (DOL).
- Standard motors can only be used in 50Hz or only 60Hz networks.
- Standard motors can be operated by supplying 220 V residential networks.
N: rotation speed of rotating field [rpm]
f: feed frequency [Hz]
P: number of poles of stator winding
Figure 1: Example of Torque-Speed Graph of 1-Phase Asynchronous Motor with Dual Capacitor
Figure 2: Single-Phase Asynchronous Motor
